Tuesday, 22 January 2013

It's not my problem (with Chomsky)

(For linguists only, probably, this one)

 

First, we had Humboldt’s Problem, then Plato’s, then Descarte’s, then Broca’s. Along the way, there was Orwell’s Problem. Now we have Darwin’s Problem.

I have been a card-carrying generativist for over twenty years—though I have to confess that I stopped paying the (figurative) dues somewhere around 1998—and remain reasonably loyal to the general spirit of the program. Yet I have to ask:

 “Why (the [your favourite expletive here]) is it always somebody else’s problem?”

As the father of a pre-teen, the prospect looms of hearing this rhetorical ploy on a near-daily basis (albeit the ‘owners’ of my son’s problems are likely to be more humble souls than the Greatest Figures in Western Thought, namely, his parents, his teachers, his siblings, his school-friends, in that order). Coming from a petulant adolescent, it is something I suppose I have to thole; but as an escapable part of mature generativist discourse, this stock device is wearing my patience pretty thin.

Or is it just me (my problem)?

PS. Don’t get me started on the shameless misappropriation of Kepler, Galileo and Einstein in other acolytic work.

Take any child (cross-posting)


Click for Justin on New Year's Eve

Generally, I try these days to separate my posts: Devenish (this blog) for family-related material; Inishmacsaint, for other writing. But time constraints—as well as the subject matter of this post—force me to merge and be done with it. If you only want to read family news, look away now; the same applies if you don't like opinion pieces informed by personal details. It's Friday afternoon, and I've allocated just one hour for this piece, so the results may be patchy and loose-ended...

Over the last few weeks, especially since the school shootings in Newtown, CT, I've been continually troubled by some aspects of that particular tragedy that seem to have gone unreported and so un-discussed. No, that's wrong, for it is the reporting itself, and the associated commentary, which bothers me as much as the deaths of so many children.

What upsets me is what seems to be a kind of pressure for moral equilibrium in many people's minds: that the victims of a mass killing are viewed as better, purer, more innocent, more spiritually enlightened human beings in virtue of having died together than they would have been considered to be had their deaths come not at the hands of a deranged killer, but individually, as the result of separate acts of violence, clinical negligence, childhood diseases or simple accidents in the home. Conversely, the perpetrator is viewed as increasingly evil or depraved in direct proportion to the relative youth, number, and helplessness of his victims. (As if age matters; as if teenagers or unarmed adults are any less helpless in the face of a gunman). And more evil the perpetrator, it seems the more blessed, the more innocent, even the more beautiful the victim. So, it goes, this Good and Evil, like pre-schoolers on a see-saw, each moving out from the fulcrum of moral neutrality.

One only has to examine the press and public reaction to other news stories to see the workings of our perverse moral scales. Consider these two news headlines from the UK in recent months:
  • Tragic two-year-old 'who died after sipping mother's methadone from beaker had also ingested heroin and cocaine' Read more
  • Girl, 15, who died after ecstasy overdose told her friends not to call ambulance. Inquest hears that Isobel Jones-Reilly found pills in university lecturer's drugs stash during an unsupervised house party. Read more
Was Riley Rettipierre less beautiful, less intelligent, less sorely missed than the CT kids because his mother was—it seems—a negligent, perhaps abusive, drug-user? Because he wasn't killed by a relative stranger but by a strange relative? And would he have been regarded as even more worthless had he died at age six, running out into the road for the first time after a ball? Was Isobel Jones-Reilly's death any less tragic than that of the children in Newtown, because she was older, or because she was to a some extent responsible for what happened? At two days, two months, two years, two decades, every child is some parent's son or daughter: the desolation and loss a parent feels is—I imagine—in no proportion to the objective beauty, intelligence, moral probity, or characteristic behaviour of their child. Nor is it greatly relevant whether the child is killed by falling off a ladder one Sunday morning (as happened to a school friend of mine, when I was 13), by being struck by a car driven by an elderly woman on her way to church, or by a joyrider high on solvents. The child is dead—and the manner of their death—however malicious, however violent, however unintended—does not alter the value of the life lived. At least, it shouldn't.

My father—to my mind, and in the view of many—was a good, kind and generous man. He died slowly of the consequences of Parkinson's disease over a period of months, a condition exacerbated by a heart operation that should have given him more, not fewer, active years. But he was not better, kinder and more generous because of this lingering death: had he died suddenly in surgery, I would miss him no less. Nor would he have been any less of a good, kind, generous man if—years earlier—he had yielded to alcoholism and died in his forties: the fate of his younger brother, Ronald, and Ronald's son, my cousin, Peter Duffield.

The story also draws attention to another related problem with popular morality: the notion—inescapable in our culture, and perpetrated by Hollywood, and popular fiction (including the tabloid press)—that there are good guys and bad guys: the children of Sandy Hook were good people in virtue of being children, the adult victims of Adam Lanza were good people by association with those children ("innocence", rather than guilt, "by association"); Adam Lanza himself was a bad person, the type of person the NRA proposes arming us all against, his evil predisposition sufficient explanation of his actions. This kind of moral fundamentalism is perhaps the most pernicious aspect of the whole thing: like other kinds of religious and political dogmatism, such 'purity' destroys and corrupts everything it touches, as violently as acid on a Muslim girl's face (albeit less obviously). A facile distinction between the fair maid and the evil witch may be harmless in fairy stories for the under-fives, but it has no place in mature discourse, past elementary school. The idea that there are angels and sinners, and that we can reliably tell them apart—the bad guys are always 'the other'—or the related notion, which cognitive anthropologists call the Fundamental Attribution Fallacy, that people who act badly are inherently bad people, and conversely: these are ideas that blind us to deeper, but messier, truths. Jimmy Savile was no Josef Mengele: the many serious crimes he has been discovered to have committed do not invalidate the good things he did for other children, any more than his occasional selflessness excuses his egotistical abuse. (In one sense, Josef Mengele was not Josef Mengele either, but no amount of special pleading can really mitigate the awful suffering for which he was directly responsible.)

When my middle son Julian asked me about the shootings in Connecticut, if the same thing could happen in Japan, I told him no, it could not. 'Is that because there are only bad people in America?' he asked (Julian has persistent difficulties with grammatical scope, but that is a topic for another day). No, I said: 'it's because there there are no guns in Japan...And anyway, there are no such things as bad people: there are people who do bad things.' I really believe this, and its opposite (i.e., there are no good people, though when I look at Justin, I'm not quite sure. But that is just parental bias, probably: it also shows that I am as prey as anyone else to the first impulse I talked about: to think that being cute and relatively defenceless makes a child with Down Syndrome any more virtuous than one without. I know this though, as every parent knows: that none of my children are any less than perfect, or than perfectly equal, to me.

Well, my hour is (more than) up.

Saturday, 12 January 2013

Grammatica una et eadem est (revised)

Reflections on Universal Grammar and the importance—or otherwise—of Language Diversity.

[This is the revised text of an earlier paper on Language Universals and Language Relativity: it appears in a Festschrift for my colleague David Rycroft, to mark his retirement from full-time teaching at Konan]

Download paper here 

Wednesday, 3 October 2012

Dressing an octopus (Vietnamese Monograph)

Just completed these three paragraphs in the revised preface. I hope they improve things.
Comments welcome

With respect to the former goal, I hope to demonstrate that a generative, Universalist approach to Vietnamese grammar can be genuinely elucidating: that the concepts and constructs of Universal Grammar, which have been postulated as part of a top-down, hypothetico-deductive strategy, and largely on the basis of (sometimes abstruse) data from a limited range of Western languages—that such concepts can be applied productively to the analysis of Vietnamese as well. What’s more, I will argue that Vietnamese can be shown to express these properties more directly, and more clearly, than is the case in more synthetic or fusional languages. Developing the ‘transparent onion’ analogy in the prefatory quote above, I shall claim that what is most remarkable about Vietnamese are the formal properties it shares with other unrelated language varieties, including English and French. What makes Vietnamese special is not, I will suggest, the properties that distinguish it from other language, but rather its unique capacity to express commonalities with such phenomenal clarity.

A reason for stressing this point is to acknowledge that many—perhaps most—scholars of Vietnamese are highly sceptical of ahistorical formal approaches to grammatical analysis, especially those based on English and French. Often, this scepticism is justified by reference to previous treatments in which Vietnamese has been analyzed directly in terms of Western surface categories or constructions; for example, an analysis that identifies the TAM markers (sẽ, đã and đang) as Tense morphemes, or one that equates null subject in Vietnamese with those in Italian or Spanish. One can always fit a square peg through a round hole if the diameter of the circle is large enough, but that doesn’t make it a good fit. In other cases, certain real or hypothetical attempts to impose Western-derived analytical constructs can appear preposterous: to seek to explain the behaviour of the modal-aspectual particle đựơc in terms of a construction-based analysis of the English or French Passive, for example, almost entirely misses the point. One can dress an octopus in a t-shirt for the sake of propriety, but little is gained by it and the problem of the other six legs remains.

Whichever metaphor is more useful, it is a fact that many linguistic scholars have rejected generative theory in the past, and that historical or functional explanations are to the fore in contemporary grammatical research. But this is to ‘throw the baby [square peg, octopus] out with the bath-water.’ In this work, I hope to make the case that—at the right level of abstraction—Vietnamese fits not just well, but nearly perfectly, into a universal template: it is the other object languages of grammatical theorising that require prodding and shuffling about. When viewed from this opposite perspective, the Generative Enterprise (as it once was called) becomes not only more attractive, but empowering: if Vietnamese offers a model of perfection, then one can ask a different set of questions: why don’t other languages seem to work so well? This brings us to my second goal, viz., to understand what Vietnamese tells us about the details of UG. At least, of a particular construal of UG; see Chapter 2.

Thursday, 28 June 2012

About time (and participial interpretation)

Going through some 'odds-and-sods' files on my computer today, I found this snippet saved from a BBC News story in May 2002. As the first line clearly reveals, the article concerns a robbery at London's Heathrow Airport:
Scotland Yard officers have arrested a gang suspected of carrying out a £2m raid at Heathrow Airport.
The story is fairly unremarkable, certainly linguistically, except for the following sentence:
(i) The stolen cash arrived at Heathrow on an SAA flight.
The standard reading of this sentence is nonsensical (to me at least), since it implies that the cash was already stolen before it arrived at Heathrow on an SAA flight (perhaps in South Africa, possibly on the flight itself). But if that was the case, then there was no raid at Heathrow, merely a collection.


What is meant, of course, is given by a non-reduced version:
(ii) The cash that was stolen had arrived at Heathrow on an SAA flight.
My intuition is that the deviance of (i) is due to something stronger than Gricean implicature: that the participle stolen is temporally bound to the Event Time of the matrix verb arrived in such a way that, in order for the sentence to be true, the theft must have been complete before the arrival of the aircraft. (Once stolen and arrived are no longer clause-mates, the dependency disappears, in (ii).)

A similar queasiness attaches to "the former East Germany, the former captain of England" (though not a former captain) in sentences such as (iii); (iv) seems ok, where the expression is more deeply embedded:
(iii) She still lives in the former East Germany.
(iv) Inhabitants of larger towns in the former East Germany are experiencing spiralling energy costs.
For me, (iii) is impossible (outside of the protagonists in the movie Goodbye Lenin). But perhaps I'm the only one? Or, more likely, this has been treated well elsewhere. Either way, your comments are welcome)

Monday, 11 June 2012

Finally accepted!


After some delay, our CR/visual recall paper has finally been accepted in Cognitive Linguistics, and should appear by the end of the year: a preprint version will appear here. Meantime, an earlier version is available at:

http://anfortas1.blogspot.jp/2010/12/do-asians-really-think-differently-from.html

Tuesday, 3 April 2012

More on Chapter 1

Another 10 or so pages completed on Chapter 1, plus some revisions of earlier material in the chapter.

Click here to download pdf